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<title>Sympatholytic</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sympatholytic</span></span>

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<p>A <b>sympatholytic</b> (<b>sympathoplegic</b>) drug is a medication that opposes the downstream effects of <a href="Postganglionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Postganglionic">postganglionic</a> nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the <a href="Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> (SNS).<sup id="cite_ref-urlDorlands_Medical_Dictionary:sympatholytic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlDorlands_Medical_Dictionary:sympatholytic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are indicated for various functions; for example, they may be used as <a href="Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a>. They are also used to treat anxiety, such as <a href="Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> and <a href="PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>. In some cases, such as with <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>, they have also shown to be beneficial in the treatment of <a href="ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms_of_action">Mechanisms of action</h2></div>

<p>Antiadrenergic agents inhibit the signals of <a href="Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> and <a href="Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>. They are primarily postsynaptic <a href="Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">adrenergic receptor antagonists</a> (alpha and beta adrenergic receptor antagonists, or "blockers"), inhibiting the downstream cellular signaling pathways of <a href="Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptors</a>. However, there are exceptions: <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a> and <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> are <a href="Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">adrenergic agonists</a> at the <a href="%CE%912_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α2 receptor">α2 receptor</a>; since this receptor is located presynaptically, agonism at this receptor inhibits the presynaptic release of adrenaline and noradrenaline, preventing postsynaptic adrenergic receptor activation and downstream signaling.

</p><p>Another way to inhibit adrenergic receptor signaling is by blocking <a href="Catecholamine_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Catecholamine synthesis">the synthesis of catecholamines</a>. <a href="Methyltyrosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyltyrosine">Methyltyrosine</a>, for example, inhibits one of the key enzymes in the pathway: <a href="Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">tyrosine hydroxylase</a>.

</p><p>For neurotransmitters to be released, they first must be stored in <a href="Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicles</a>. <a href="Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a> works by inhibiting <a href="VMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT">VMAT</a>, preventing the storage of neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles. If VMAT is inhibited, neurotransmitters won't be released into the synaptic cleft, thereby inhibiting their downstream effect.

</p><p>Other drugs are preferentially toxic to sympathetic neurons. One method of obtaining such specificity is to exploit drugs that are substrates for a transporter preferentially expressed on sympathetic terminals, such as the <a href="Norepinephrine_transporter" title="Norepinephrine transporter">norepinephrine transporter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such transports allows the drugs to accumulate within sympathetic neurones, where they can act to inhibit sympathetic function. Such drugs include <a href="Bretylium" title="Bretylium">bretylium</a>, <a href="Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">guanethidine</a> and <a href="6-hydroxydopamine" class="mw-redirect" title="6-hydroxydopamine">6-hydroxydopamine</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypertension">Hypertension</h3></div>

<p>Many antiadrenergic agents used as <a href="Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> include:

</p>

<ul><li>Centrally acting

<ul><li><a href="Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a> (<a href="Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub> inverse agonist</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Rescinnamine" title="Rescinnamine">Rescinnamine</a> (<a href="ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitor</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a> (<a href="VMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT">VMAT</a> inhibitor)</li>

<li><a href="Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a> (<a href="Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">imidazoline receptor</a> agonist)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglion-blocking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a> (<a href="Alpha-3_beta-4_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor">α3β4</a> <a href="Nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic receptor">nicotinic receptor</a> antagonist)</li>

<li><a href="Trimethaphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethaphan">Trimethaphan</a> (<a href="Ganglion_type_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglion type receptor">ganglion type receptor</a> antagonist)</li></ul></li>

<li>Peripherally acting

<ul><li><a href="Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a> (<a href="Magnesium-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium-ATPase">Magnesium-ATPase</a> inhibitor)</li>

<li><a href="Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a> (<a href="%CE%911_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Α1 antagonist">α<sub>1</sub> antagonist</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a> (<a href="Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">alpha blocker</a>)</li>

<li>Beta blockers

<ul><li>Non-selective agents

<ul><li><a href="Alprenolol" title="Alprenolol">Alprenolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Bucindolol" title="Bucindolol">Bucindolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Carteolol" title="Carteolol">Carteolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a> (has additional α-blocking activity)</li>

<li><a href="Labetalol" title="Labetalol">Labetalol</a> (has additional α-blocking activity)</li>

<li><a href="Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Penbutolol" title="Penbutolol">Penbutolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)</li>

<li><a href="Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)</li>

<li><a href="Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li>

<li><a href="Timolol" title="Timolol">Timolol</a></li></ul></li>

<li>β<sub>1</sub>-selective agents

<ul><li><a href="Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a> (has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)</li>

<li><a href="Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Betaxolol" title="Betaxolol">Betaxolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Bisoprolol" title="Bisoprolol">Bisoprolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Celiprolol" title="Celiprolol">Celiprolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li>

<li><a href="Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a></li></ul></li>

<li>β<sub>2</sub>-selective agents

<ul><li><a href="Butaxamine" title="Butaxamine">Butaxamine</a> (weak α-adrenergic agonist activity) - No common clinical applications, but used in experiments.</li>

<li><a href="ICI-118%2C551" title="ICI-118,551">ICI-118,551</a> Highly selective β<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic receptor antagonist - No known clinical applications, but used in experiments due to its strong receptor specificity.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety">Anxiety</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beta_blockers">Beta blockers</h4></div>

<p>There is clear evidence from many controlled trials in the past 25 years that beta blockers are effective in anxiety disorders, though the mechanism of action is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some people have used beta blockers for performance type <a href="Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>, or "<a href="Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>." In particular, musicians, public speakers, actors, and professional dancers, have been known to use beta blockers to avoid stage fright and tremor during public performance and especially auditions. The physiological symptoms of the fight/flight response associated with performance anxiety and panic (pounding heart, cold/clammy hands, increased respiration, sweating, etc.) are significantly reduced, thus enabling anxious individuals to concentrate on the task at hand. Stutterers also use beta blockers to avoid fight/flight responses, hence reducing the tendency to stutter.

</p><p>Since they promote a lower heart rate and reduce tremor, beta blockers have been used by some Olympic marksmen to enhance performance, though beta blockers are banned by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they have no recognizable benefit to most sports, it is acknowledged that they are beneficial to sports such as archery and shooting. A recent, high-profile transgression took place in the 2008 Summer Olympics, where 50 meter pistol silver medalist and 10 meter air pistol bronze medalist Kim Jong-su tested positive for propranolol and was stripped of his medal.

</p><p><a href="Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">Posttraumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) is theorized to be the result of neurological patterns caused by adrenaline and fear in the brain. By administering beta blockers which can cross the blood brain barrier immediately following a traumatic event, as well as over the next couple weeks, the formation of PTSD has been reduced in clinical studies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpha2_adrenergic_agonist">Alpha2 adrenergic agonist</h4></div>

<p><a href="Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Alpha2 adrenergic agonists</a> can also be used to treat anxiety and panic, such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or <a href="PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonists, such as <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> and <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">guanfacine</a>, act at noradrenergic autoreceptors to inhibit the firing of cells in the locus ceruleus, effectively reducing the release of brain <a href="Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-x_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a> has shown promise among patients with anxiety, panic and PTSD in clinical trials and was used to treat severely and chronically abused and neglected preschool children. It improved disturbed behavior by reducing aggression, impulsivity, emotional outbursts, and oppositionality.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Insomnia and nightmares were also reported to be reduced.

</p><p>Kinzie and Leung prescribed the combination of <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> and <a href="Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a> to severely traumatized Cambodian refugees with anxiety, panic and PTSD.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global symptoms of PTSD were reduced among sixty-six percent and nightmares among seventy-seven percent. <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a> produces less sedation than <a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">clonidine</a> and thus may be better tolerated. <a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a> reduced the trauma-related nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpha_blockers">Alpha blockers</h4></div>

<p>Prazosin is an <a href="Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-blocker</a> that acts as an <a href="Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a> at <a href="Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prazosin_biological_activity_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prazosin_biological_activity-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raskind and colleagues studied the efficacy of prazosin for PTSD among Vietnam combat veterans in a 20-week double-blind crossover protocol with a two-week drug washout to allow for return to baseline. The CAPS and the Clinical Global Impressions-Change scale (CGI-C) were the primary outcome measures. Patients who were taking <a href="Prazosin" title="Prazosin">prazosin</a> had a robust improvement in overall sleep quality (effect size, 1.6) and recurrent distressing dreams (effect size, 1.9). In each of the PTSD symptom clusters the effect size was medium to large: 0.7 for reexperiencing or intrusion, and 0.6 for avoidance and numbing, and 0.9 for hyperarousal. The reduction in CGI-C scores (overall PTSD severity and function at endpoint) also reflected a large effect size (1.4). Prazosin appears to have promise as an effective treatment for PTSD-related sleep disturbance, including trauma-related nightmares, as well as overall anxiety and <a href="PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a> symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetic drug</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrockCunnane1988" class="citation journal cs1">Brock, JA; Cunnane, TC (November 1988). "Studies on the mode of action of bretylium and guanethidine in post-ganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres". <i>Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology</i>. <b>338</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">504–</span>9. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00179321">10.1007/bf00179321</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3244392">3244392</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31949">31949</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Tyrer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTyrer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Tyrer, Peter (January 1992). "Anxiolytics not acting at the benzodiazepine receptor: Beta blockers". <i>Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry</i>. <b>16</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">17–</span>26. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-5846%2892%2990004-X">10.1016/0278-5846(92)90004-X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1348368">1348368</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24742562">24742562</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBurbiel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Burbiel, Joachim C. (2015-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620711">"Primary prevention of posttraumatic stress disorder: drugs and implications"</a>. <i>Military Medical Research</i>. <b>2</b>: 24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40779-015-0053-2">10.1186/s40779-015-0053-2</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2095-7467">2095-7467</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620711">4620711</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26504586">26504586</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-x-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-x_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanSadock1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan HI, Sadock B (1998). <i>Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry</i> (8th ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_J._Harmon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Robert J. Harmon; et al. (September 1996). "Clonidine for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Preschool Children". <i>Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry</i>. <b>35</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1247–</span>1249. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004583-199609000-00022">10.1097/00004583-199609000-00022</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8824068">8824068</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKinzie,_J_DavidLeung,_Paul1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kinzie, J David; Leung, Paul (September 1989). "Clonidine in Cambodian Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder". <i>Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease</i>. <b>177</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">546–</span>550. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-198909000-00005">10.1097/00005053-198909000-00005</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2769247">2769247</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38938044">38938044</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHorrigan,_Joseph_P.Barnhill,_L._Jarrett1996" class="citation journal cs1">Horrigan, Joseph P.; Barnhill, L. Jarrett (Aug 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1996-05976-009">"The suppression of nightmares with guanfacine"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Psychiatry</i>. <b>57</b> (8): 371. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8752021">8752021</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Prazosin_biological_activity-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prazosin_biological_activity_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?tab=biology&ligandId=503">"Prazosin: Biological activity"</a>. <i>IUPHAR</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_A._Raskind2003" class="citation journal cs1">Murray A. Raskind; et al. (February 2003). "Reduction of Nightmares and Other PTSD Symptoms in Combat Veterans by Prazosin: A Placebo-Controlled Study". <i>The American Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>160</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">371–</span>373. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.160.2.371">10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.371</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12562588">12562588</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Sympatholytics">Sympatholytics</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Pharmacomodulation47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacomodulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>♦ <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a>: <a href="Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">Inducer</a></li>

<li><a href="Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitor</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>♦ <a href="Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a>: <a href="Channel_opener" title="Channel opener">Opener</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Blocker</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>♦ <a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a>: <a href="Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">Positive allosteric modulator</a> (PAM)</li>

<li><a href="Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">Negative allosteric modulator</a> (NAM)</li></ul>

<ul><li>♦ <a href="Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a> [<a href="Reuptake" title="Reuptake">Reuptake</a> vs <a href="Reverse_transport" title="Reverse transport">Efflux</a>]: <a href="Reuptake_enhancer" title="Reuptake enhancer">Enhancer</a> (RE)</li>

<li><a href="Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Inhibitor</a> (RI)</li>

<li><a href="Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">Releaser</a> (RA)</li></ul>

<ul><li>♦ Miscellaneous: <a href="Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a></li>

<li><a href="Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <i>Enzyme inhibition</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See Ion channel modulators</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> &<br><a href="Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">BA</a>/<a href="Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adrenergic73" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic receptor agonist</a> (<a href="Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α</a></li>

<li><a href="Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Adrenergic receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">α</a> (<a href="Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">1</a></li>

<li><a href="Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dopamine_agonist" title="Dopamine agonist">Dopamine receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Dopamine receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">Histaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Histamine_agonist" title="Histamine agonist">Histamine receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Histamine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub></a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">Serotonin receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Serotonin_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a>)</li>

<li><a href="Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SRI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="GABA_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="GABA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA antagonist">GABA receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitor</a> (GRI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">Glutamatergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Excitatory_amino_acid_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid agonist">Glutamate receptor agonist</a> (<a href="Ampakine" title="Ampakine">AMPA</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Excitatory_amino_acid_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid antagonist">Glutamate receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Excitatory_amino_acid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitor">Glutamate reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">Cholinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Acetylcholine receptor agonist</a> (<a href="Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Muscarinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">Nicotinic</a>)

<ul><li><a href="Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">Cholinesterase inhibitor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Acetylcholine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Muscarinic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">Nicotinic</a> (<a href="Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglionic</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Muscular</a>))</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Cannabinoidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoid receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a> (eCBE)</li>

<li><a href="Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a> (eCBRI)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Opioidergic" title="Opioidergic">Opioidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Opioid_modulator" title="Opioid modulator">Opioid modulator</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid receptor agonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitor</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a> (AdoRI)</li>

<li><a href="Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="NK1_receptor_antagonist" title="NK1 receptor antagonist">NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist</a></li>

<li><a href="Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor antagonist</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a> (see <i>Enzyme cofactors</i>)</li>

<li><a href="Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a> (see <i>Amino acids</i>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)566" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sympatholytic_(and_closely_related)_antihypertensives_(C02)566" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> (and closely related) <a href="Antihypertensive" title="Antihypertensive">antihypertensives</a> (<a href="ATC_code_C02" title="ATC code C02">C02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><br>(antagonize <a href="Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α-adrenergic</a><br><a href="Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alpha-adrenergic_agonist#.CE.B12_agonists" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenergic receptor agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanabenz" title="Guanabenz">Guanabenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanfacine" title="Guanfacine">Guanfacine</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanoxabenz" title="Guanoxabenz">Guanoxabenz</a></li>

<li><a href="Methyldopa" title="Methyldopa">Methyldopa</a><sup>#</sup></li>

<li><a href="Tiamenidine" title="Tiamenidine">Tiamenidine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Adrenergic_release_inhibitor" title="Adrenergic release inhibitor">Adrenergic release inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bethanidine" title="Bethanidine">Bethanidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li>

<li><a href="Debrisoquine" title="Debrisoquine">Debrisoquine</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanadrel" title="Guanadrel">Guanadrel</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanazodine" title="Guanazodine">Guanazodine</a></li>

<li>Guancydine</li>

<li><a href="Guanethidine" title="Guanethidine">Guanethidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanoclor" title="Guanoclor">Guanoclor</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanoxan" title="Guanoxan">Guanoxan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Imidazoline_receptor" title="Imidazoline receptor">Imidazoline receptor</a> agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Moxonidine" title="Moxonidine">Moxonidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Rilmenidine" title="Rilmenidine">Rilmenidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolonidine" title="Tolonidine">Tolonidine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglion-blocking</a>/<a href="Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">nicotinic antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hexamethonium" title="Hexamethonium">Hexamethonium</a><sup>‡</sup></li>

<li><a href="Mecamylamine" title="Mecamylamine">Mecamylamine</a></li>

<li><a href="Pentolinium" title="Pentolinium">Pentolinium</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimetaphan_camsilate" title="Trimetaphan camsilate">Trimethaphan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pargyline" title="Pargyline">Pargyline</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="VMAT_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="VMAT inhibitor">VMAT inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bietaserpine" title="Bietaserpine">Bietaserpine</a></li>

<li><a href="Deserpidine" title="Deserpidine">Deserpidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Methoserpidine" title="Methoserpidine">Methoserpidine</a></li>

<li><a href="Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrosingopine" title="Syrosingopine">Syrosingopine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tyrosine_hydroxylase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor">Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Metirosine" class="mw-redirect" title="Metirosine">Metirosine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Direct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Doxazosin" title="Doxazosin">Doxazosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>

<li><a href="Indoramin" title="Indoramin">Indoramin</a></li>

<li><a href="Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Trimazosin" title="Trimazosin">Trimazosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Urapidil" title="Urapidil">Urapidil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Phentolamine" title="Phentolamine">Phentolamine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Serotonin_receptor_antagonist" title="Serotonin receptor antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ketanserin" title="Ketanserin">Ketanserin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lidanserin" title="Lidanserin">Lidanserin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonists</a> (for <a href="Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension"><abbr title="Pulmonary hypertension">PH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>dual</i> (<a href="Aprocitentan" title="Aprocitentan">Aprocitentan</a>, <a href="Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a>, <a href="Macitentan" title="Macitentan">Macitentan</a> (<a href="Macitentan/tadalafil" title="Macitentan/tadalafil">+tadalafil</a>), <a href="Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a>)</li>

<li><i>selective</i> (<a href="Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a> (+tadalafil), <a href="Sitaxentan" title="Sitaxentan">Sitaxentan</a>, <a href="Sotatercept" title="Sotatercept">Sotatercept</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist">

<li><sup>‡</sup><a href="List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li>

<li><a href="Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>:

<ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li>

<li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Sympatholytic&oldid=1275933329">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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